The study showed that childhood amnesia between cultures like Korean, New Zealander and American person differences in age, such as Koreans at 4 years old, New Zealanders at 2.5, and Americansat 3.5 years old, researchers have found that in average age of first memories, it varies between the ages of two years between different cultures. This is due to the culture the child is raised in and the customs their parents have, and the society varies in the way they talk about their children, making it easier or harder for the child to remember the events of his or her childhood. The more the independent the customs and the country the more dificult it will be for it to remember earlier childhood events and the more countries that focus on individual personal history have earlier childhood memories, such as US.

Are all memories alike?

I the first experiment, the conducters tested form differences in memory between genders. the results showed the following.Women excelled in verbal episodic memory tasks, such as remembering words, objects, pictures or everyday events, and men outperformed women in remembering symbolic, non-linguistic information, known as visuospatial processing.This means man would be more likely to remember his way out of the woods. Also, women are better than men remembering faces, especially those of females, the reason seems to be that women allocate more attention to female than to male faces. The probability of genetically-based differences between the quality of male and female memory is unknown, the results suggest that females have advantage in episodic memory.

Articles on memory.

1.Experiment number 1 was conducted by Louise Faber, in their study he and his collegues proved that noradrenaline is the equivalent for the brain's adrenaline, it affects the brian's chemical, and electrical pathways that are responsable for memory formation. This could be applied in real life by helping psychologists controll our emotions of certain memories possibly elping with diseases like PTSD.

2.This experiment was conducted by Yaara Yeshurun. In the experiment, researchers showed adults with a visual object together with one, and later with a second, set of pleasant and unpleasant odors and sounds while their brains were imaged by functional magnetic resonance imaging (. And a week later, the researchers showed the same objects inside the fMRI and tested participants' associations of those images with the scents and smells. The study showed that people remembered early associations better when they were unpleasant, whether they were smelled or heard. This could be applied in real life as maybe a method of memorization, or study for big tests.

3.The experiment was conducted by Stefano Puntoni, Bart de Langhe, and Stijn van Osselaer who studied bilingual and trilingual populations in Europe. They showed different slogans with participants and found differences in how the messages were perceived in different languages. "Our findings show that, in general, messages expressed in consumers' native languages tend to be perceived as more emotional than messages expressed in their second language" said the conducters. THis experiment can be applied in the real life, maybe in situations of hostage negotiacion, it would help with tension.

Concpet of memory
1. Sensory memory is the memory where you recieve info from your senses, this travels to the brain. It is retained for a shot amount of time since this is not of great importance.
2.When you feel a surface and it transfers the info about its texture, this is rapidly forgotten.
3.visual about 1 second, and auditory about 4 seconds.
4.This is the stage after sensory memory, in here slective attion will pick which of the memories are important and move them from sensory memory to short-term memory. They are in the form of images or sounds, this gives room for short computations. After that they are moved to other parts of the memory system or discarded.
5.George Miller in 1956, and it is +/- 2 making it from the range of 5-9.
6. Chunking refers to the configuration of large amounts of information, into small ones, which a fit to structure and acomodation of memory.
7.Number:3-4 Letters:3
8.Acoustic
9.This type of memory can last from days to decades. Memories become long term with the proccess of rehearsal and meaningful association, this means that you see it quite often and you give it importance, therefore your brain remembers it for a longer period of time.
10.This model states that there are 3 ways of memory stores, sensory memory, short term memory and finally long term memory. It categorizes them by the duration they last, sensory being to the maximum of 4 seconds, short term memory being about 18-20 minutes, and it stores things by chunks, and finally long term memory which lasts up to a lifetime.
11.1. Not all of the rehearsal leads to the improvement of retention2. STM is in terms of the number of units that can be processed an any one time, he gave 7 +/- 2, but recent researchers have developed 5 +/- 23. The sensory stores are sensory systems, not memory systems as most people think of the term "memory."
12.This model concretes in Long Term Meory and the processing that occurs there, it gives an alternative to the multi store model that suggests info is transfered by rehearsal. This model suggests that the depth or level at which we process information determines its place in LTM and also how well we recall that information, meaning the more we think about it, the longer it stays in our head.
13.Continiously repeating the material to be remembered. Repeating vocabulary words to learn them.
14.This time of rehearsal involves comparing something new with something you already know that is stored in your Long term memory.Relating someone new you meet named John and associating it with someone you already know called John.
15.Craik and Lockhart developed in the year of 1972 the levels of processing models and the concepts of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal.

The Halo effect-Solomon Asch

Alzheimer's disease is problably one of the worst ways to grow old. On the documentry that we saw in class it showed us different people, on different stages of the disease, some way more advanced than others. When a person reaches 65 years old, their chances of developing their disease increase greatly, and every 5 years after that chance grows exponentially. What alzheimer affects is in essence the long term memory of the diseased. As the stages progress the subject becomes much more alien to their memories, and motor skills. Normal everyday tasks that they would preform when they were young become almost impossible for them to execute. Things like driving, of even sorting groceries, this is since they forget key things like traffic signs. Also the jugdemente of the subject is also affected, they sort of go back to a childhood stage in which they are not resonable or trustworthy.I feel threatened by it, since it supposly runs in my family, although studies say other than that

After seeing this video having to do with memory, i think I view at things quite differntly. Since before this I did not know how crucial memory was to our every day living, sure i knew it was of some importance. But i could not see how it revolved around every single task, and action we take in life. After the video, there was not like some specific thing that I leraned, i think i just became more aware of concious of how memory is fragile. I think twice know before doing somethingh that could corrupt it or damage it. And also I became a bit mor afraid since my family has a genetical hisotry of al zaihmer. Which is a very sad disease that take out all of one's character before ending one's life. As of today when I see someone doing drugs, or drinking excessivly, I can not help it but to think of the damage that it will eventually cause in their memories, and expierences

The Stroop effect is a demonstration of the reaction time of a task, when the name of a color ( "red," "pink,") is printed in a color not denoted by the name (the word "green" printed in blue ink instead of green ink), naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to erors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color. The effect is named after John R. Stroop who first published the effect in English in 1935. The effect had previously been published in 1929, but only in Germany. The original paper has been one of the most cited papers in the history of experimental psychology, leading to more than 700 replications. The effect has been used to create a psychological test that is widely used in clinical practice and investigation.The experiment required the participants to read the written color names of the words independently of the color of the ink . Second experiment, stimulus 2 and 3 were used, and participants were required to say the color of the letters independently of the written word with the second kind of stimulus and also name the color of the dot squares. If the word "yellow" was written in red, they would have to say "red," but not "yellow"; when the squares were shown, the participant would have to say its color. In the third experiment, tested his participants at different stages of the tasks and stimulus used in the first and second experiments, to account for the effects of association.

1. Becuase in many of the studies preform by researchers, the resullts indicate that a person becomes much less eficent on the activities the make, than if they did them them 1 by 1. Therefore, what we think is multitasking is no more than a myth.

2Studies showed that when the human brain is presented with multiple tasks, it puts them in order of importance. This in time makes the brain take longer to preform the tasks.

3. This realese of strees hormones, and adrenaline make the brain work worst than in normality. The adrenaline makes us loose focus, while the stress clogues our brain from preforming at it's best.

4.

5. The author concludes that multi-tasking is actually a myth. ANd that in instead of increasing our efficency, t decreases it greatly since our focus is gone bad.

Bambuti are pygmy hunter gatherers, one of the oldest indigenous people of the Congo region of Africa. They are made of bands which are relatively small in size, ranging from 15 to 60. Population is about 30,000 to 40,000 people. Four distinct cultures, within the Bambuti. These are the Efe, which speak the language of their Bantu tribe (the Balese or Mamvu), the Sua, who speak the language of their neighboring Budu, the Mbuti, who speak the language of the neighboring Bila, and a small subgroup of the aka who speak the language of the neighboring Mangbetu tribe. Colin Turnbull was recgonized with his book The forest people, an admiring study of the bambuti. In 1972, he did a sequel, the highly controversial Mountain People, which was about Ungada hunger-plagued Ik.

Who was Colin Turnbull? We know he was the man who spent time observing the BaMbuti tribe of Pygmies in central Africa - but what else do we know?

Well, Colin Turnbull was born in Novembre 23, 1924, and died July 18, 1994. He was a worldly famous British- American Anthropologist. He wrote "The Forest People" and also "The Mountain People". One of the books was about the mbuti pygmies of Zaire, and the other one was on the lk people of Uganda. He was a pioneer in the field of ethnomusicology. he studied his first grade of school in Westminster School, and attended Magdalen College, Oxford for his college degree on politics and philosophy. In World War II he joined Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, there he was granted a two year study opportunity to study in Banras Hindu University, for a degree on Indian Religeon, and Philosophy. After that, in 1951 he traveled to the Republic of Congo. He went with Newton Beal, who was a Ohio college teacher he meet in india

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Turnbull

1.What are the internal factors that influence our perception?

2.What are the external facotrs that influnce our perception?

1. There are many internal factors that influnce our perception, most importantly is where you live, or habitat. Also, your motivation, or interest, which can be sometimes learning. Also our organization, or specialization. Also there is our economy, and social background, but more importantly our personality.

2.The external factors are Intensity, Size, Contrast, Repetition, Novelty and familiarity, and Situation

What is real and what isn't? This question may sound redundant at first but if you come to think of it, the only thing that defines what is and is not, is our perception. Perception is what our brain is able to percieve, and how it is interpreted by it. So if this is so, you can see why my question needs to be extended into more thought. Just take this as an example, we may think that ancient cultures were silly by believeing that mythical creatures were real. But think of it this way, what today for us is known as a komodo dragon which is a lizard of great size, that has been studied by scince from top to bottom. So our perception is that this is not a mythical dragon, but rather just a large iguana, while in the early times their perception was feed by ignorance, and religous belief. So, to them this was a creature of mythical powers, and origin.

Psychology, this is the study of the human mind, and it's irregular and almost unpredictable behavior. This subject has become one of the most precious resource in our culture, since it is set out to explian ourselfs. It can benefit us in a variety of things, for example marketing, healing and, analyzing. Many have been benefitted by the advances in this field of the human body, since psychologist sometimes dedicate to purge others of traumas, memories and, evils that the mind holds in st0re.

Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning (also called respondent conditioning, or Pavlovian conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior" or operant behavior. Operant behavior "operates" on the environment and is maintained by its consequences, while classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of respondent behaviors which are elicited by antecedent conditions. Behaviors conditioned via a classical conditioning procedure are not maintained by consequences.The main dependent variable is the rate of response that is developed over a period of time. New operant responses can be further developed and shaped by reinforcing close approximations of the desired response
bibliography:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning

1. PUNISHMENT OFTEN FAILS TO STOP, AND CAN EVEN INCREASE THE OCCURRENCE OF, THE UNDESIRED RESPONSE. Since attention is one of the most potent rewards available, and since it is difficult to punish without paying attention to the offender, punishing may serve more as a reward than as a punishment.
2. PUNISHMENT AROUSES STRONG EMOTIONAL RESPONSES THAT MAY GENERALIZE. Once the strong emotional responses are aroused the degree and direction of generalization is largely uncontrollable. The result may be excessive anxiety, apprehension, guilt, and self-punishment.
3. USING PUNISHMENT MODELS AGGRESSION. The meaning of "social power is exemplified.
4. INTERNAL CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR IS NOT LEARNED. The offender may learn to inhibit the punished response during surveillance, but once surveillance ends there is no internal control mechanism to continue inhibiting the behavior.

Bibliography:http://www.oklahoma.net/~jnichols/PunishmentProblems.html

Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. It's important to note that organisms are not spoken of as being reinforced, punished, or extinguished; it is the response that is reinforced, punished, or extinguished. Additionally, reinforcement, punishment, and extinction are not terms whose use is restricted to the laboratory. Naturally occurring consequences can also be said to reinforce, punish, or extinguish behavior and are not always delivered by people.
Positive reinforcement (Reinforcement) occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a favorable stimulus (commonly seen as pleasant) that increases the frequency of that behavior. In the Skinner box experiment, a stimulus such as food or sugar solution can be delivered when the rat engages in a target behavior, such as pressing a lever.
Negative reinforcement (Escape) occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (commonly seen as unpleasant) thereby increasing that behavior's frequency. In the Skinner box experiment, negative reinforcement can be a loud noise continuously sounding inside the rat's cage until it engages in the target behavior, such as pressing a lever, upon which the loud noise is removed.
Positive punishment (Punishment) (also called "Punishment by contingent stimulation") occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by an aversive stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.
Negative punishment (Penalty) (also called "Punishment by contingent withdrawal") occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.

Bibiliography:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning

Burrhus Frederick Skinner born in March 20 1904 and died August 18 1990. He was a psychologist, author, inventor, advocate for the social reform, and poet. In his time he was the Edgar Pierce professor of psychology at Harvard University in 1958. Until he retired in 1974. He was responsable for the operant conditioning chamber, which innovated his theory named Radical Behaviorism.

Later he founded his own school of experimental psychology named the experimental analysis of behavior, here his work culminated in his final presentation Verbal Behavior. This work has recently been a point of great attention. He discovered and advanced the rate of response as a dependant variable. Also, he invented the cumulative recorder, this was to measure the rate of responding as part of his highly influenctial work on schedule of reinforcement. A survey showed the he was the most influential psychologist of the 20th century, he published 21 books and 180 articles throughout his career. :)

Bibliography: wikipedia.com/wiki/B._F._Skinner

John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. He also conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment. Later he went on from psychology to become a popular author on child-rearing, and an acclaimed contributor to the advertising industry. The "manifesto" notably lacks references to specific principles of behavior. In 1913, Watson viewed Ivan Pavlov's conditioned reflex as primarily a physiological mechanism controlling glandular secretions. He had already rejected Edward L. Thorndike's "Law of Effect" (a precursor to B. F. Skinner's principle of reinforcement) due to what Watson believed were unnecessary subjective elements. It was not until 1916 that Watson would recognize the more general significance of Pavlov's formulation and make it the subject of his presidential address to the American Psychological Association. The lack of a specific mechanism of behavior caused Watson's colleagues to dismiss "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" as philosophical speculation without much foundation. The article only became well-known to psychologists generally after it started to be widely cited in introductory psychology textbooks in the 1950s. The article is also notable for its strong defense of the objective scientific status of applied psychology, which at the time was considered to be much inferior to the established structuralist experimental psychology.

Ivan Pavlov, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomenon of classical conditioning. He developed this theory when investigating the gastric function of dogs by externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyze the saliva and what response it had to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was russian